| The Kokoda Trail | |
|---|---|
| Length | 96 kilometres (60 mi) |
| Location | Papua New Guinea |
| Trailheads | Kokoda / Owers Corner |
| Use | Walking |
| Highest point | Mount Bellamy 2,190 m (7,185 ft) |
| Lowest point | Ua'Ule Creek 300 m (984 ft) |
| Trail difficulty | Hard |
| Season | All |
| Sights | WWII History, Jungle, Mountains |
The Kokoda Trail or Track is a single-file foot thoroughfare that runs 96 kilometres (60 mi) overland — 60 kilometres (37 mi) in a straight line — through the Owen Stanley Range in Papua New Guinea. The track is the most famous in Papua New Guinea and is known for being the location of the World War II battle between Japanese and Australian forces in 1942.
The track starts, or ends, at Owens Corner in Central Province, 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of Port Moresby, and then crosses rugged and isolated terrain, which is only passable on foot, to the village of Kokoda in Oro Province. It reaches a height of 2,190 metres (7,185 ft) as it passes around the peak of Mount Bellamy.[1]
Hot, humid days with intensely cold nights, torrential rainfall and the risk of endemic tropical diseases such as malaria make it a challenge to walk. Despite the challenge posed it is a popular hike that takes between four and twelve days (depending on fitness). Locals have been known to hike the route in three days.
Contents |
| Year | Walkers |
|---|---|
| 2001 | 76 |
| 2002 | 365 |
| 2003 | 1074 |
| 2004 | 1584 |
| 2005 | 2374 |
| 2006 | 3747 |
| 2007 | 5146 |
| 2008 | > 5600 |
| 2009 | > 4364 |
The track was first used by European miners in the 1890s to access the Yodda Kokoda goldfields. Between July 1942 and January 1943, a series of battles, afterwards called the Kokoda Track Campaign, were fought between the Japanese and Australian forces. This action was memorialised in the newsreel documentary Kokoda Front Line!, filmed by cameraman Damien Parer, which won Australia's first Academy Award for its director Ken G. Hall in 1942.
After the war the track fell into disuse and disappeared in many places. John Landy, the long-distance runner, set a record of four days for the crossing using carriers and guides during the 1950s, and in 1964 Angus Henry, the art teacher at Sogeri High School with two of his students, John Kadiba and Misty Baloiloi, set a new record which was to stand until after the millennium by completing the journey in three and a quarter days without guides, carriers or any signposts or bridges.
In recent years walking the track has become a pilgrimage for Australians of all ages. The Kokoda Track Foundation was established by Charlie Lynn, a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council, in 2003. The aims of the foundation are to promote education, health and sporting initiatives designed to enhance the well-being, future and enjoyment of the local communities living along the Kokoda Track.[3]
There is a proposal to turn the track into an Australian heritage destination on a par with ANZAC Cove at Gallipoli.[4] Creation of the heritage area, is in part response to the issue of an Australian gold mining company wanting to mine on or near the track. Currently the idea is backed by the Australian government and Papua New Guinea's foreign minister.[4]
In November 2007 Australian mining firm Frontier Resources announced plans to divert a section of the track to make way for a copper mine.[5] The plan has the support of the local landowners and the Papua New Guinean government but has been criticized by trekking operators.[5] Former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd has said he will lobby the Papua New Guinea Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare to stop the proposed move.[6]
The track has been closed numerous times by villagers along the route in response to various grievances. In May 2009 villagers at Kovelo - near Kokoda village - blocked the track after complaints that money collected from trekking fees was not being distributed fairly.[7]
Since 2001 there has been a rapid increase in the number of people walking the track (see table right). Six Australian trekkers have died from natural causes while attempting to walk the track. Four of those deaths have occurred in 2009, with two in the same week in April and another two 8 days apart in September and October.[8][9][10][11] The deaths have sparked calls for mandatory fitness tests for all walkers before starting.[12]
As popularity for walking the track has increased there have been calls for more regulation of trek operators with some operators taking as many as 150 walkers in a group.[10][13] In response the Kokoda Track Authority has announced that from the beginning of 2010 tour operators must have a commercial licence which will "address things such as training requirements and first aid details".
In August 2009 the Kokoda Track was the destination for a group of trekkers that were killed when their light plane, Airlines PNG Flight 4684, crashed en route to Kokoda village.[14] All 13 people on board, including 9 Australian trekkers, were killed in the crash.[14] As a result, the Australian Government committed $1.8 million to improve safety along the track. Funds would be used to improve the safety of airstrips at Kokoda, Menari, Kagi, Melei, Efogi, and Naduri, all towns located along the track. A second radio channel would also be installed to deal with emergencies and maintenance work.[15]
In October 2009 Mr. Don Vale became the oldest Australian (at 83) to successfully complete the Kokoda Track.[16]
In November 2009, Australian paralympian Kurt Fearnley (born without the lower section of his spine [17]) completed the track,crawling north to south, in 11 days. A multiple paralympic gold medalist (T54 Marathon in Athens and Beijing), he used customized shin pads and wrist guards. His journey was to raise awareness of men's health issues and was inspired by the story of Corporal John Metson, who crawled the track for three weeks, refusing the assistance of a stretcher on the grounds it would burden his comrades.[18]
There has been much debate in Australia about whether it should be called the "Kokoda Trail" or the "Kokoda Track". The monument at Owers Corner uses both terms: "Track" on one side and "Trail" on the other.
"Kokoda Trail" was gazetted as the official name of the route by the Australian administration of Papua New Guinea in 1972.[19]
The earliest mention of the route in an Australian newspaper may be in The Argus on Wednesday 29 July 1942 in a map when it refers to "the Buna Kokoda-Moresby track".
According to historian Stuart Hawthorne, before World War II, the route was referred to as "the overland mail route" or "the Buna road". He states that "Kokoda Trail" became common because of its use in Australian newspapers during the war, the first known instance being in Sydney's Daily Mirror on 27 October 1942.[19]
However all three terms Kokoda Track, Kokoda Trail and Buna-Kokoda road were commonly used during World War II in Australian newspapers from September 1942.[20][21][22]
The diary of the Australian Army's 2/33rd Battalion records the route being officially designated as the "Kokoda Trail" in September 1942.[23] The Australian Army has used "Kokoda Trail" as a battle honour since 1957. The Australian War Memorial (AWM) says that "trail" is probably of United States origin but has been used in many Australian history books and "appears to be used more widely".[24]
Despite the historical use of "Trail", "Track" gained dominance in the 1990s, with the Australian Macquarie Dictionary stating that while both versions were in use, Kokoda Track "appears to be the more popular of the two".[25]
The track can be walked from either direction. Some say that from Kokoda to Owers Corner is easier, even though in that direction you actually have to climb an extra 550 metres in height.
The track can take anything from 4 days to 12 days to complete, depending on fitness and rest time involved. Locals are renowned for being able to regularly complete it in 3 days. The best time to trek Kokoda is from April to September, during the 'dry' season.
There are a number of guesthouses located along the way, some at villages and others at traditional rest spots. The main villages passed through (from Owers Corner) are Naoro, Menari, Efogi Creek 1 & 2, Kagi or Naduli (if shortcut is taken), Alolo, Isurava, Hoi, Kovolo. Villagers are increasingly taking part in the commercial opportunities created by the growing number of tourists; in October 2006, some were known to be selling cans of soft drink and beer at double the price payable in Port Moresby.
Guides and porters can be found more easily at the Kokoda end of the track by asking the local police station for a reputable person.
The Kokoda Track Authority (the PNG Special Purpose Authority with responsibility for managing the Track) requires tour operators to hold a Commercial Operators License to led treks along the Kokoda Track and purchase a trek permit. Licensed operators carry first aid kits, undertake first aid training, carry radios and/or satellite phones, respect the people who live along the Track and ensure their porters and guides are treated in a professional manner. A list of licensed operators is available on its web site.[26] Trekkers walking with unlicensed operators will be stopped by the KTA Rangers and the local people.
The Kokoda Challenge Race is an endurance running race that was revived on 27 August 2005. The race originally ran in 1975 but stopped before becoming an annual event.[27] Renewed interest in running the track was created when Australian Brian Freeman, the CEO of a Brisbane based Kokoda trekking company, broke the track record in August 2004 with a time just under 25 hours.
Papua New Guinean locals wanted the record reclaimed for themselves, and this was achieved in the inaugural race of 2005 and then broken in subsequent races. The current race record holder in both directions is Brendan Buka, with a best time of 16:34.05 in 2008 from Owers Corner to Kokoda.
The race runners are required to complete the full 96 km and pass through seven check-points at Isurava, Templeton Crossing One, Myola, Efogi One, Old Nauro, Va’ule Creek and Goldie River.
| Direction | Record holder | Record time | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kokoda to Owers Corner | Brendan Buka | 17:20 | 2007 |
| Owers Corner to Kokoda | Brendan Buka | 16:34.05 | 2008 |
The inaugural race of 27 August 2005 was won by John Hunt Hiviki, who completed it in 22 hours, one minute and 14 seconds.[28]
On 27 August 2006, Brendan Buka, a 22-year-old Papua New Guinean trekking porter from Kokoda, conquered the trail from Owers Corner to Kokoda in a winning time of 17 hours, 49 minutes and 17 seconds.[29] A Sydney engineer, Damon Goerke, 32 became the first Australian to run the track in under 24 hours, coming third in the 2006 challenge with a time of just under 19.5 hours.
The race record was again broken by Buka in the 2007 event when he completed the track in 17 hours 20 minutes on 26 August 2007, running in the reverse direction from Kokoda to Owers Corner.[30] The 2007 event also featured runners running from Owers Corner to Kokoda and a winning time of 19 hours 9 minutes was set in this direction by Tom Hango.[30]
On 31 August 2008, Buka once again rewrote the record books by winning the 2008 race with a time of 16:34:05.[31] The conditions were the worst that they had been in the three years that Buka had competed in the event. That year, Buka trained, which is why he claims he broke his own record. Wayne Urina, claiming second place, is currently the 2nd fastest man to complete the crossing of the Kokoda Trail with a time of 18:34:06. Cyprian Aire came third with 19:11:40.
In 2011, the Kokoda Challenge Race was run on 27 August. The race commenced from Ower's Corner and finished at the new Kokoda Archway. The race was organised and sponsored by Kokoda Trekking. Brendan Buka once again won the race in a time of 17:50:33 but did not break his previous record set in 2008.